INTRODUCTION:

Mucuna pruriens is species which belongs to the genus Mucuna (family Fabaceae). Most of the Mucuna species are herbaceous twining plant². It is commonly known as ‘‘velvet’’ bean. Mucuna pruriens is used as important forage, fallow, as well as green manure crop in many parts of the world. Mucuna pruriens contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Mucuna pruriens contains numerous nutritional values and this is as good as soybeans. It contains medicinal benefits which are helpful in Parkinson’s disease and also various pharmacological properties were investigated as well as proved in past years. The various varieties of genus Mucuna requires further intensive attention as well as exploration.

Researchers have great attractions towards species of Mucuna because of its potency in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical plus cosmaceutical applications. Herbs are the most important source of natural products which are used as pharmaceuticals, flavoring agents, fragrants, and ingredients in food additives. Some recent research confesses priority in search for new plant obtained chemicals in the direction of sustainable conservation as well as rational utilization of biodiversity. This has encouraged researchers to focus on investigations to understand the holistic information specially their functional properties of such plants. Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is a recognized herbal drug which is used for the management of health related conditions such as male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac. Different parts of the Mucuna pruriens are used in Ayurvedic system of medicine since antiquity due to its excellent medicinal values as well as cure many diseases. The seeds of this plant contain alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, calcium, phosphorus as well as potassium, polyphenolic substances, protease inhibitor, phytic acid, in addition L-dopa is one of the major chemical constituent which is present in whole herb. Mucuna pruriens has been shown that its seeds are potentially of substantial medicinal importance. Mucuna pruriens has long, slender branches; alternate, lanceolate leaves; as well as white flowers. In India, the mature seeds of Mucuna bean are traditionally consumed by a South Indian hill tribe, the Kanikkars, after repeated boiling to remove anti-nutritional factors. The genus thrives best under warm, moist conditions, below 1500 m above sea level, and in areas with plentiful rainfall¹⁰. Like most legumes, the velvet bean has the potential to fix atmospheric nitrogen via a symbiotic relationship with soil microorganisms¹⁰. 130 species of Mucuna pruriens are listed as well as Taxanomy and vernacular names of Mucuna pruriens are covered as follows:

Taxonomy of Mucuna pruriens ^{2,16,21,24,28}

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Rosidae

Superorder: Fabanae

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily: Faboideae

Genus: Mucuna

Species: Mucuna pruriens

Vernacular names of Mucuna prurien ^{2,16,23,24,28}

German: Juckbohne, Itch bean

Hindi: Kiwanch or Konch

Sanskrit: Atmagupta, Kapikacchu

Marathi: Khaajkuiri

Tamil: Poonaikkaali

Bengali: Alkushi

Malayalam: Naykaranam

Portuguese: Mad Bean

English: Velvet bean, Cowitch, Cowhage

Worldwide founded species of Mucuna^2,23,28

1. Mucuna championii Benth.

2. Mucuna cochinchinensis

3. Mucuna collettii Lace

4. Mucuna comorensis

5. Mucuna comosa DC

6. Mucuna coriacea Baker

7. Mucuna cristata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.

8. Mucuna curranii Elmer

9. Mucuna cyclocarpa F.P.Metcalf

10. Mucuna cylindrosperma Welw. ex Baker

11. Mucuna glabra (Reinecke) Wilmot-Dear

12. Mucuna glabrialata (Hauman)Verdc.

13. Mucuna gracilipes Craib

14. Mucuna grevei

15. Mucuna hainanensis Hayata

16. Mucuna hirsuta

17. Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze)Moldenke

18. Mucuna hooglandii Verdc.

19. Mucuna horrida

20. Mucuna huberi Ducke

21. Mucuna humblotii Drake

22. Mucuna imbricata Baker

23. Mucuna inflexa

24. Mucuna acuminata Baker

25. Mucuna amblyodon Harms

26. Mucuna andreana

27. Mucuna anguinea Sweet

28. Mucuna argyrophylla Standl.

29. Mucuna aterrima

30. Mucuna atropurpurea (Roxb.)Wight and Arn.

31. Mucuna aurea C.B.Rob.

32. Mucuna axillaris

33. Mucuna benettii

34. Mucuna biplicata Kurz

35. Mucuna birdwoodiana Tutcher

36. Mucuna brachycarpa

37. Mucuna bracteata DC.

38. Mucuna calophylla W.W.Sm.

39. Mucuna canaliculata Verdc.

40. Mucuna capitata

41. Mucuna interrupta Gagnep.

42. Mucuna iriomotensis Ohwi

43. Mucuna japira A.M.G. Azevedo, K. Agostini and Sazima

44. Mucuna junghuhnianum Backer ex Koord.-Schum.

45. Mucuna keyensis Burck.

46. Mucuna killipiana

47. Mucuna lamellata Wilmot-Dear

48. Mucuna lamii Verdc.

49. Mucuna psittacina Miers

50. Mucuna quadrialata

51. Mucuna recta

52. Mucuna reptans Verdc.

53. Mucuna reticulata Burck

54. Mucuna revoluta Wilmot-Dear

55. Mucuna rhynchosioides

56. Mucuna rostrata Benth.

57. Mucuna rubro-aurantiaca

58. Mucuna samarensis Merr.

59. Mucuna schlechteri Harms

60. Mucuna sempervirens Hemsl.

61. Mucuna lane-poolei Summerh

62. Mucuna lignosa Scop.

63. Mucuna lindro Piper

64. Mucuna longipedunculata Merr.

65. Mucuna luzoniensis

66. Mucuna macmillanii Elmer

67. Mucuna macrobotrys Hance

68. Mucuna macrocarpa Wall.

69. Mucuna macroceratides (Raddi)DC.

70. Mucuna macrophylla Miq.

71. Mucuna macropoda Baker.f

72. Mucuna manongarivensis Du Puy and Labat

73. Mucuna mapirensis (Rusby)J.F.Macbr.

74. Mucuna mattogrossensis

75. Mucuna melanocarpa A.Rich.

76. Mucuna membranacea Hayata

77. Mucuna mindorensis Merr.

78. Mucuna warburgii K.Schum. and Lauterb

79. Mucuna mitis (Ruiz and Pav.)DC.

80. Mucuna mollis (Kunth)DC.

81. Mucuna monosperma Wight

82. Mucuna montana

83. Mucuna mutisiana (Kunth)DC.

84. Mucuna manongarivensis Du Puy and Labat

85. Mucuna nigricans (Lour.)Steud.

86. Mucuna nivea

87. Mucuna novo-guineensis Scheff.

88. Mucuna oligiplax Niyomdh. and W.-Dear

89. Mucuna ovalis Baker f.

90. Mucuna pachycarpa Wiriad.

91. Mucuna pachylobia Rock

92. Mucuna pacifica Hosok.

93. Mucuna pallida Cordem.

94. Mucuna paniculata Baker

95. Mucuna platycarpa

96. Mucuna platyphylla A.Gray

97. Mucuna platyplekta Quisumb. and Merr.

98. Mucuna pluricostata Barb.Rodr.

99. Mucuna poggei Taub.

100. Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC.

101. Mucuna sloanei Fawc. and Rendle

102. Mucuna stanleyi C.T.White

103. Mucuna stans Baker

104. Mucuna stenoplax Wilmot-Dear

105. Mucuna suberosa

106. Mucuna subferruginea Hayata

107. Mucuna subumbellata Wilmot-Dear

108. Mucuna taborensis Schweinf. ex Piper

109. Mucuna terrens H.Lev.

110. Mucuna thailandica Niyomdham and Wilmot-Dear

111. Mucuna tomentosa K.Schum.

112. Mucuna toppingii Merr.

113. Mucuna deeringiana (Bert) Merrill

114. Mucuna deerlingianum (954) Smal

115. Mucuna diabolica Keuchenius.

116. Mucuna diplax Wilmot-Dear

117. Mucuna discolor Merr. and L.M.Perry

118. Mucuna elegans Merr. and L.M.Perry

119. Mucuna elliptica (Ruiz and Pav.)DC.

120. Mucuna elmeri Merr

121. Mucuna erecta

122. Mucuna eriocarpa Barb.Rodr

123. Mucuna fawcettii Urb.

124. Mucuna ferox Verdc.

125. Mucuna ferruginea

126. Mucuna flagellipes Hook.f.

127. Mucuna gigantea (Willd.)DC

128. Mucuna urens (L.)Medik.

129. Mucuna venenosa A.Murr.

130. Mucuna venulosa

Mucuna species reported in India²

Mucuna atropurpurea, DC.

Mucuna bracteata, DC.

Mucuna capitata, Wight and Arn.

Mucuna cochinchinensis(Lour.) Cheval

Mucuna deeringiana, (Bort) Merrill

Mucuna gigantea, DC.

Mucuna hirusta, Wight and Arn.

Mucuna macrocarpa Wall.

Mucuna monosperma, DC.

Mucuna nigricans, DC.

Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) DC.

Mucuna prurita, Hook

Mucuna urens

Mucuna utilis, Wall

Table 1: Common names of Mucuna pruriens in different countries^16,22

Country name	Common name of Mucuna pruriens
Guyana	Cowitch
Guadeloupe	Poua grate
Guinea-Bissau	Ganhoma, Metaftum, Talcodja
Haiti	Pwa grate
India	Alkusi, Atmagupta, Baidhok, Belki, Cowage, Cussu, Dulagondi, Kapikachchu, Kavach, Kavanch, Kawach, Kawanch, Kawanh, Kerainch, Kewanch, Konch, Kowez,
Japan	Vetvet bean
Madagascar	Taingilotra, Tainkilotra
Nepal	Cowhage, Kaocho, Kauso, Kausva
Pakistan	Alkushi, Goncha, Kawanch, Konchkari
Panama	Demar pirkok
Philippines	Nipay
Sri Lanka	Wanduru-me
Thailand	Cigu, Horseeye bean, Mijeh, Sijeh
Trinidad	Cowitch, Pwa gwate
Virgin Islands	Cowitch vine

Geographical Distribution^21,27

Mucuna pruriens is extensively distributed in South East Asia and it is largely found in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. It is also found in Asia, America and Africa. It is found in indigenous to tropical regions. Mucuna pruriens is extensively spread over most of the subcontinent as well as is found in bushes, hedges, plus dry-deciduous, low forests throughout the plains of India. 14 species of Mucuna are found in India, especially in the foothills of the Himalayas, the plains of west Bengal, Madhya pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as Srilanka.

Traditional Medicinial Uses ^2,16,22

Mucuna pruriens is popular Indian medicinal plant. It has long been used in Indian traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine that has been practiced in India since the Vedic times (1500–1000 BC). All parts of Mucuna pruriens contain valuable medicinal properties. Plant part wise traditional uses are detailed in Table 2.

Table 2: Traditional uses of Mucuna pruriens^2,22

Part of Plant	Traditionally Used for
Seeds	Nervine tonic, Emmenagogue, Astringent, Aphrodisiac, Leucorrhoea, Paralysis, Laxative, Anthelmintic Nervine Antivenom
Bark powder + Dry ginger	Painful rheumatic joints
Roots	Thermogenic, Emollient, Stimulant, Purgative, Aphrodisiac, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Anthelmintic, Febrifuge, Tonic Rheumatism Gout Dysmenorrhea
Leaves	Aphrodisiac, Anthelmintic and tonic Ulcers, Inflammation, Helminthiasis, Cephalalgia General debility Antimicrobial
Powdered pod trichomes	Anthelmintic
Dried powdered root + Honey	Blood purifier Diuretic Kidney stones
Decoction of seed	Scorpion stings Snakebite Sexual debility

Phytochemical Compounds²⁴

Gallic acid

β‑sitosterol

L‑DOPA

Squalene

Ascorbic acid

5‑hydroxytryptophan

Bufotenine

Glutathione

5‑hydroxytryptamine

6‑methoxyharman

Tryptamine

Linoleic acid

Palmitic acid

Stearic acid

3‑methoxy‑1,1-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3.4-tetrahydroquinoline

Studies of Anti Parkinson’s effect ^{2,3,4,12,29,30,40}

Traditionally, this plant has been used as a nerve tonic for nervous system disorders. MP has been studied for its potential use in Parkinson’s disease, because of its high concentration of L-dopa in the seeds. Hussain et al evidenced that this plant is more effective than L-DOPA in parkinson’s disease in animal model²⁷. These studies state that at equivalent doses Mucuna powder resembles L-DOPA with respect to modulation of dopaminergic pathways, while the presence of other constituents in contribute to improved antiparkinsonian activity as well as greater tolerability in animals. In Ayurvedic medicine, MP has been used form ancient period of time for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. MP not only contains L-dopa but also it possesses two components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain i.e. coenzyme Q10 as well as nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH)²⁹.

Clinical study confirmed the efficacy of the M. pruriens seeds in the management of Parkinson’s disease by virtue of their LDOPA content. Seeds of MP contain high levels (1–6%) of LDopa (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; a precursor of dopamine used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The effects of MP were studied in the 6‐ hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease. The Lieu et. al.⁴¹ also studied MP by the MPTP treated monkey Parkinson’s disease model. They compared levodopa (LD) kineticdynamic profile of a dose of LD/aromatic amino acid decarboxylase peripheral inhibitors versus a nominally equivalent dose of a commercial Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) seeds extract in two patients with Parkinson disease chronically taking LD standard combined along with self-prescribed Mucuna¹⁶.

Christopher A. Lieu et al.¹²demonstrated in his study that Mucuna pruriens in powder as well as water extract form can significantly ameliorate behavioral deficits in primate models of PD. Christopher A. Lieu et al.¹²also demonstrate that the mechanistic actions of Mucuna pruriens cannot be attributed to LD alone. MP has a unique mechanism of action (MOA) on the basal ganglia electrophysiology which is different from that of LD when tested at equivalent doses. Recent studies suggest that Mucuna pruriens plays an important role in the neuroprotection of paraquat induced mouse models of PD.

Mucuna pruriens is the plant with most evidences of antiparkinsonian effects investigated by several methodologies. The endocarp of Mucuna pruriens seeds, combined with carbidopa 50 mg/kg, administered to mice in the food, at a dose of 5 g/kg showed activity greater than levodopa alone in the test of free contralateral rotation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. These studies confirmed the hypothesis that the endocarp of this plant may contain other antiparkinsonian compounds in addition to levodopa or adjutants that enhance the levodopa’s efficacy^13,25. Also the i.p. administration of 200 mg/kg of a methanolic extract free from levodopa together with 400 mg/kg of Mucuna pruriens seeds administred by gastric intubation showed a significant antiparkinsonian effect in rats.

The clinical syndrome of Parkinsonism was identified in ancient India. According to “Bhasava rajyam", the Parkinsonism was treated by the administration of powdered seed of MP containing 4 to 6% of levodopa⁴⁰.

Hussian and Manyam (1997)³⁷ indicated that for the dose, MP revealed twice the anti-Parkinsonian property of synthetic L-DOPA. In a clinical study revealed that the contribution of L-DOPA in the recovery of PD followed by Ayurveda medication³⁸. Katzenschlager et al. (2004)³⁹ revealed that 30 g Mucuna seed powder preparation has considerable faster action in treating PD patients than conventional standard drugs, namely, Levodopa or Carbidopa. It is suggested that natural source of L-DOPA might contain benefits over conventional drugs in long term management of PD.

Other Pharmacological Activities^{2,10,16,22,24}

Mucuna pruriens has been known for its n numbers of medicinal uses as it possesses numerous pharmacological activities. Some pharmacological activities are presented in Fig.1

Fig. 1. Pharmacological activities

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 05.05.2021 Modified on 10.07.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2021;13(4):125-130.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00025